第52章 《佃农理论》英语原著 (46)

---

职场秘爱 都市超级画师 韩娱之宅男艺人 原来爱情,因为青春 掌心珍爱 天元末世 家园 异界木乃伊 惹上狂邪总裁 冲喜娘子

---

第52章 《佃农理论》英语原著 (46)

)/rportionofrentwereassignedexclusivelytoanindividualtenant(ortenants),say,throughtheissuanceofstocksagainstthemarketvalueofthegivenland,jointownershipofthelandwouldbeestablished.Withtheentirereturntotheownershiprightassignedtoprivateparties,eachjointownerwouldtherebybegrantedauthoritytomakedecisionsconcerninghisshareoftheresource.Withtherighttoderivetherentfromlandwhollyexclusiveorunattenuated,therighttousetheresourceisalsowhollyexclusive.Variousformsoftransferswouldinsurethatthevalueofeachsharebedeterminedinthemarket.Theimpliedresourceusewouldthereforebeexactlythesameasbeforethesharerestriction.Theimplicationisthattheinefficientallocationofresourcesundertherentalpercentagerestrictionliesnotinthelandowner'ssharebeingreduced,butinthattherighttoderiveinefromlandisnotwhollyexclusivelyassigned.Inotherwords,underthesharerestrictioninTaiwan,therighttolandownershipwasnolongerwhollyexclusive.

Letmecarrythisargumentfurther.Underthesharerestriction,itwillberecalled,themarginalproductoftenantlaborfallsandthemarginalproductoflandrises.Butaslongastherentalpercentageisgreaterthanzero,themarginalproductoftenantlaborwillneverbenegative.(Thisisimpliedbythemaximizingbehaviorofthelandownerundertheaddedshareconstraint.)Supposeboththerentalpercentageandthenonpecuniarybene-

fitsofowninglandareeffectivelyreducedtozero;thatis,privatelandownershipisreducedtoameretitle,devoidofanyformofine.Returnmomentarilytofigure7;petitionamongtenantswillpushlaborinputtopointk,wherethewagerateequalstheaverageproductoflabor,orwheretheentireunassignedinefromlandisexhausted.Dependingontheproductionfunctionandthewagerate,themarginalproductoflaborinthiscasemaybenegative.[2]Thatistosay,iftheentireinefromlandisunassignedtoanyindividualorprivateparty,landbeesamonpropertyresource(inourcase,withaprivatetitle),andpetitionamongusersimpliesthatnonlandresourceswillbeallocatedtolanduntiltheinetoland(rent)iszero.[3]

Fromtheabovediscussionwemaygeneralize:Foranyproductionfunctionrequiringresourceinputshandt,iftherighttoaportionoftheinefromh,howeversmall,isnotappropriatedorexclusivelyassigned,theratiot/hwillriseunderpetition,implyingafallinthemarginalproductoftandariseinthemarginalproductofh;astheunassignedinefromhincreases,themarginalproductoftwillaccordinglybelower,andmaybeenegativewhentheentireinefromhisnotassignedtoanyindividualparty.Wemaycallthis"theproductiontheoremofpropertyrightassignment."

[1].Thisshouldbedistinguishedfromaninetax,wherethetaxreceiptisappropriatedbythegovernment.Asimpliedinthefollowingdiscussion,themisallocationgeneratedbyataxonresourceusestemsnotfromthetaxitself,butfromthefactthatnogovernmentofficialistherebygrantedauthoritytomakedecisionsonresourceuse.

[2].Inthisandmyearlierstatementthatthemarginalproductoftenantlaborwillneverbenegativeif

isgreaterthanzero,theargumentwouldperhapsbemoreconvincingifthemarginalproductoflaborintherelevantrangewerealwayspositive,sothatwhen

=0itisstillpositive(withthewagerateequalingtheaverageproductoflabor).Inthiscasetheincreasesintenantinputwillbegradualandcontinuousinresponsetogradualdecreasesof.

Theoreticallythepossibilityoftheexistenceofsubzeromarginalproductoflaborrequiresnotonly

=0,butalsothesuppositionthatthetitleholdercannotdenytenantfarmingonapetitivebasis.

[3].Withasomewhatdifferentapproach,thisconditionisreachedinH.ScottGordon,"TheEconomicTheoryofaCommon-PropertyResource:TheFishery,"JournalofPoliticalEconomy(August,1954).AnditisimplicitinProfessorPigou'simaginativeexampleoftworoads,whichisexpoundedbyProfessorKnight.SeeA.C.Pigou,TheEconomicsofWelfare(London:Macmillan,＆Co.,1920),p.194;andF.H.Knight,"SomeFallaciesintheInterpretationofSocialCost,"QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,vol.38(1924).

Thecorrectanalysisexplainingthedissipationofrent,tomymind,isanalogoustoCournot'sduopolysolutionwithfreeentry:withrentalinereplacingmonopolyrent,theaggregateaverageproductoflaborreplacingmarketdemandforproduct,andapositivewageinsteadofazerocostofproduction.

7.EvidenceofInputAdjustmentsundertheShareRestriction

Theeffectsonresourcereallocationunderthesharerestrictionasimpliedbythetheoryofsharetenancycanbesummarizedasfollows.Theimpositionofamaximumrentalpercentagerestrainsthemarket-determinedrentalpercentage.Intheabsenceofsufficientpensatingpaymentsandtenurerearrangementsthroughwhichtheinitialresourceusemayberestored,thetenantswouldrecieveearningsfromfarminginexcessoftheiralternativeopportunities;butpetitionamongtenantsofferingtoincreasenonlandfarminginputseliminatestheresidualearnings(unlessthemarginalproductofnonlandinputsgoestozero).Undereffectivesharerestriction,emphasiswillbeplacedmoreonthemaximizationofgrosscropvaluethanonthecropvaluenetofnonlandcosts.Theyieldperacreoflandwillrise,andwithalowerrentalpercentagethelandowner'srentalinewillbepartiallyrestoredbyahigheroutput.